In modern societies, with an increase in the older population, age-related
neurodegenerative diseases have progressively become greater socioeconomic burdens …

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a carrier of genetic information. DNA hybridization is
characterized by predictability, diversity, and specificity owing to the strict complementary …

The vertebrate brain consists of diverse neuronal types, classified by distinct anatomy and
function, along with divergent transcriptomes and proteomes. Defining the cell-type specific …

Flickering light stimulation has emerged as a promising non-invasive neuromodulation
strategy to alleviate neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the lack of a neurochemical …

Despite the abundance of capillary thin-strand pericytes and their proximity to neurons and
glia, little is known of the contributions of these cells to the control of brain hemodynamics …

Purine-based molecules play ancient, fundamental, and evolutionarily-conserved roles
across life on Earth, ranging from DNA and RNA, to the universal energy currency, ATP. In …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency of all cells, while creatine
phosphate (CrP) is considered as a buffer of high energy-bond phosphate that facilitates …

Nucleotides ingested from breast milk and complementary foods during infancy play a vital
role in the development of the immune and nervous system, as well as the maturation of gut …

Background Adenosine deaminase (ADA) via two isoenzymes, ADA1 and ADA2, regulates
intra-and extracellular adenosine concentrations by converting it to inosine. In the central …

To date, various agents and molecules have been developed to treat post-stroke
neuroinflammation; however, none of them are clinically successful. Post-stroke …