Cancer immunotherapy offers substantive benefit to patients with various tumour types, in
some cases leading to complete tumour clearance. However, many patients do not respond …

Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity and an important goal of
vaccination strategies. Here we highlight advances in the understanding of the diverse T …

How environmental nutrient availability impacts T cell metabolism and function remains
poorly understood. Here, we report that the presence of physiologic carbon sources (PCSs) …

Improving effector activity of antigen-specific T cells is a major goal in cancer
immunotherapy. Despite the identification of several effector T cell (T EFF)-driving …

In metazoans, specific tasks are relegated to dedicated organs that are established early in
development, occupy discrete locations and typically remain fixed in size. The adult immune …

During an infection, T cells can differentiate into multiple types of effector and memory T
cells, which help to mediate pathogen clearance and provide long-term protective immunity …

Tissues such as the skin and mucosae are frequently exposed to microbial pathogens.
Infectious agents must be quickly and efficiently controlled by our immune system, but the …

Summary Interleukin (IL)-2 and inflammation regulate effector and memory cytolytic T-
lymphocyte (CTL) generation during infection. We demonstrate a complex interplay between …

As acute infections resolve, effector CD8+ T cells differentiate into interleukin-7 receptor lo
(IL-7R lo) short-lived effector cells (SLECs) and IL-7R hi memory precursor effector cells …

Abstract l-Arginine is an essential amino acid for birds and young mammals, and it is a
conditionally essential amino acid for adult mammals, as it is important in situations in which …