Idiopathic achalasia is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by
esophageal aperistalsis and failure of LES relaxation due to loss of inhibitory nitrinergic …

The esophagus consists of 2 different parts. In humans, the cervical esophagus is composed
of striated muscles and the thoracic esophagus is composed of phasic smooth muscles. The …

Over the past twenty years, thousands of physicians have come to depend on Yamada's
Textbook of Gastroenterology. Its encyclopaedic discussion of the basic science underlying …

High-resolution manometry and recently described analysis algorithms, summarized in the
Chicago Classification, have increased the recognition of achalasia. It has become apparent …

Administration of extracellular hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers often induces mild
increases in blood pressure. In order to test whether nitric oxide (NO) scavenging is …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with progressive cognitive
deficits being the primary symptom. AD is neuropathologically characterized by amyloid and …

In 1980, Furchgott and Zawadzki showed that the endothelial lining of blood vessels was
essential for the vasorelaxant effect of acetylcholine and showed that this effect was …

The neurobiological study of swallowing and its dysfunction, defined as dysphagia, has
evolved over two centuries beginning with electrical stimulation applied directly to the …

IN 1963, shortly after the discovery of cAMP (1–5), Ashman et al.(6) identified cyclic-GMP
(cGMP) in rat urine. Reports soon followed showing that various agents including …

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder that is commonly misdiagnosed initially as
gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients with achalasia often complain of dysphagia with …