▪ Abstract The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) 1–3 are serine/threonine protein kinases whose
activity is stimulated by the binding of active Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. Our understanding of …

The accessory Nef protein of HIV and SIV is essential for viral pathogenesis, yet it is
perplexing in its multitude of molecular functions. In this review we analyse the structure …

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs), stimulated by binding with GTP-liganded forms of Cdc42
or Rac, modulate cytoskeletal actin assembly and activate MAP-kinase pathways. The 2.3 Å …

A highly conserved signaling property of Nef proteins encoded by human or simian
immunodeficiency virus is the binding and activation of a PAK kinase whose function is …

Gene expression profiling was used to explore the role of Nef in HIV. Nef induces a
transcriptional program in T cells that is 97% identical to that of anti-CD3 T cell activation …

Pak1, a serine/threonine kinase that regulates the actin cytoskeleton, is an effector of the
Rho family GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. The crystal structure of Pak1 revealed an …

The development of anti-virals has blunted the AIDS epidemic in the Western world but
globally the epidemic has not been curtailed. Standard vaccines have not worked, and …

The Nef protein of primate lentiviruses is a unique protein that has evolved in several ways
to manipulate the biology of an infected cell to support viral replication, immune evasion …

Recently, it has been demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
Nef from laboratory strains down-modulates cell surface expression of mature major …

The accessory Nef protein is expressed by all primate lentiviruses–HIV-1, HIV-2 and simian
immune deficiency virus (SIV). Its expression in the early stages of the viral life cycle ensures …