The human foot is a complex structure that plays an important role in our capacity for upright
locomotion. Comparisons of our feet with those of our closest extinct and extant relatives …

The intrinsic foot musculature (IFM) supports the arches of the foot and controls
metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) motion. Stronger IFM can increase the effective foot …

Objective This study examined the relationship between leg bone length and sprint
performance in sprinters. The leg bone lengths in 28 100-m specialized sprinters and 28 …

The present study aimed to determine the relationship between leg bone length and running
performance in well-trained endurance runners. The lengths of the leg bones in 42 male …

A shorter joint moment arm (MA) may help maintain the necessary muscle force when
muscle contractions are repeated. This beneficial effect may contribute to reducing the …

Objective It remains unclear that the relationship between sprint and/or endurance
performance and salivary immunological factors and stress hormones in athletes. The aim of …

This study examined the relationship between body segment mass and running
performance in endurance runners. The total (muscle, fat, and bone masses), lean (muscle …

This study analysed the effects of increasing the longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) of
runners' habitual shoes on the metabolic energetic demand, lower limb muscle activation …

The modern human foot is a complex structure thought to play an important role in our ability
to walk and run efficiently. Comparisons of our feet to those of our evolutionary ancestors …

This study examined the relationship between step characteristics and race time in a 5000-
m race. Twenty-one male Japanese endurance runners performed a 5000-m race. Step …