Secretory proteins are conventionally transported through the endoplasmic reticulum to the
Golgi and then to the plasma membrane where they are released into the extracellular …

Exosomes offer distinct advantages that uniquely position them as highly effective drug
carriers. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface …

Recent evidence suggests that autophagy facilitates the unconventional secretion of the pro-
inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Here, we reconstituted an autophagy-regulated …

Daily exposure of humans to nanoparticles from edible plants is inevitable, but significant
advances are required to determine whether edible plant nanoparticles are beneficial to our …

In both plants and animals, defense against pathogens relies on a complex surveillance
system for signs of danger. Danger signals may originate from the infectious agent or from …

Exocytosis is a key mechanism for delivering materials into the extracellular space for cell
function and communication. In plant cells, conventional protein secretion (CPS) is achieved …

Plant diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes pose an increasing threat to food security
and ecosystem health worldwide. These filamentous pathogens, while taxonomically …

Plant‐derived exosome‐like nanoparticles (PDENs) are small vesicles released by
multivesicular bodies mainly to communicate between cells and regulate immunity against …

Plant cells are surrounded by a strong polysaccharide-rich cell wall that aids in determining
the overall form, growth and development of the plant body. Indeed, the unique shapes of …

All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth
and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of …