Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting. The incidence of CPO varies
substantially by geography from 1.3 to 25.3 per 10,000 live births, with the highest rates in …

BACKGROUND Maternal factors, including increasing childbearing age and various life-
style factors, are associated with poorer short-and long-term outcomes for children, whereas …

Although the influence of advanced maternal age (AMA) and delayed childbearing on
adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes has been studied extensively, no universal …

BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external
genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic …

Background Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation. The prevalence of
hypospadias has a large geographical variation, and recent studies have reported both …

Purpose To determine the global prevalence for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and
identify CDH-related risk factors. Methods Using a defined strategy, a systematic review of …

BACKGROUND: Birth defects affect 3% of babies born, and are one of the leading causes of
infant mortality. Both younger and older maternal age may pose increased risks for certain …

Abstract According to the World Health Organization the term congenital anomaly includes
any morphological, functional, biochemical or molecular defects that may develop in the …

Background Gastrointestinal defects are a phenotypically and etiologically diverse group of
malformations. Despite their combined prevalence and clinical impact, little is known about …

Gastroschisis and omphalocele are usually considered together since they are both
congenital abdominal wall defects, and yet their anatomy, embryogenesis, and clinical …