Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused
by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and …

The endothelium forms an important part of the vasculature and is involved in promoting an
atheroprotective environment via the complementary actions of endothelial cell-derived …

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) is a growth in left myocardial mass mainly caused by
increased cardiomyocyte size. LVH can be a physiological adaptation to physical exercise …

Inflammation, as a feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), leads to the activation of endothelial
cells (ECs). Activated ECs induce atherosclerosis through an increased expression of …

Vascular system function involves complex interactions among the vascular endothelium,
smooth muscle, the immune system, and the nervous system. The toxic metals cadmium …

Portal hypertension and bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the major cause of
morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is initiated by increased …

Intestinal glucagon-like peptide–1 (GLP-1) is a hormone released into the hepatoportal
circulation that stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion. GLP-1 also acts as a neuropeptide to …

Skeletal muscle blood flow capacity (BFC) is increased by exercise training due to structural
vascular remodeling (in the form of angiogenesis of capillaries and remodeling of the arterial …

Gap junction channels provide an enclosed conduit for direct exchanges of signalling
molecules, including ions and small metabolites between cells. This system of …

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) releases several important vasoactive factors with
physiological and pathophysiological paracrine effects. A large body of evidence suggests …