A review of the impact of the cold-ion and cold-electron populations in the Earth's
magnetosphere is presented. The cold populations are defined by total energy less than …

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental process whereby microscopic plasma processes
cause macroscopic changes in magnetic field topology, leading to explosive energy release …

Coulomb collisions provide plasma resistivity and diffusion but in many low-density
astrophysical plasmas such collisions between particles are extremely rare. Scattering of …

Ionospheric ions (mainly H+, He+, and O+) escape from the ionosphere and populate the
Earth's magnetosphere. Their thermal energies are usually low when they first escape the …

Waves around the lower hybrid frequency are frequently observed at Earth's magnetopause
and readily reach very large amplitudes. Determining the properties of lower hybrid waves is …

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental plasma process by which magnetic field lines on
two sides of the current sheet flow inward to yield an X-line topology. It is responsible for …

The electrostatic dispersion relation for an unbounded homogeneous plasma in the
presence of unmagnetized ions, magnetized electrons, and an applied magnetic field has …

We report measurements of lower-hybrid drift waves driving electron heating and vortical
flows in an electron-scale reconnection layer under a guide field. Electrons accelerated by …

Electron heating and mixing during asymmetric reconnection are studied with a 3‐D kinetic
simulation that matches plasma parameters from Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) …

Abstract We use the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission to investigate electron‐scale
structures at a dipolarization front. The four spacecraft are separated by electron scales and …