The plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells contains microdomains that are enriched in
certain glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, and sterols (such as cholesterol) to form …

All bacteria produce secreted vesicles that carry out a variety of important biological
functions. These extracellular vesicles can improve adaptation and survival by relieving …

Background Chronic inflammation of the arterial wall is a key element in the pathogenesis of
atherosclerosis, yet the factors that trigger and sustain the inflammation remain elusive …

Lipids are indispensable for energy storage, membrane structure and cell signalling.
However, dynamic changes in various categories of endogenous lipids in mammalian early …

Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) is the nontoxic portion of cholera toxin. Its affinity to the
monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) that is broadly distributed in a variety of cell types …

AB 5 toxins are important virulence factors for several major bacterial pathogens, including
Bordetella pertussis, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and at least two distinct …

Extracellular secretion of proteins is regarded as a major virulence mechanism in bacterial
infection. Proteins destined for the extracellular environment of gram-negative bacteria have …

Crystal structures of shiga and pertussis toxins have recently revealed a remarkable degree
of structural homology among the members of the AB5 class of bacterial toxins. Other …

Background & Aims: Oral immunization with Helicobacter pylori urease can cure
Helicobacter infection in animals. As a step toward therapeutic immunization in humans, the …

In this article, we characterize the fluorescence of an environmentally sensitive probe for
lipid membranes, di-4-ANEPPDHQ. In large unilamellar lipid vesicles (LUVs), its emission …