The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated
in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain …

The vaccines developed over the first two hundred years since Jenner's lifetime have
accomplished striking reductions of infection and disease wherever applied. Pasteur's early …

Abstract Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is one of the major mental illnesses that is
terrifically intensifying worldwide. It is becoming overwhelming due to limited options for …

Rationale and objectives: To review the literature on the use of second-order schedules of
drug reinforcement in the context of experimental investigations of the neural and …

Researchers have sought therapeutic applications for monoclonal antibodies since their
development in 1975. However, murine-derived monoclonal antibodies may cause an …

This randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, phase I clinical trial assessed the safety
and immunogenicity of a therapeutic cocaine vaccine TA-CD in 34 former cocaine abusers …

Cocaine, already a significant drug problem in North and South America, has become a
more prominent part of the European drug scene. Cocaine dependence has major somatic …

Cocaine addiction is a chronically relapsing brain disease, but its neural basis is not yet well
understood. Clinical reports underscore the possible importance of associative processes …

Decades of research on cocaine has produced volumes of data that have answered many
important questions about the nature of this highly addictive drug. Sadly, none of this …

Although the demonstration in 1796 by Edward Jenner that vaccinia virus could protect
against smallpox was epochal, he was following the path opened by the ancients who had …