The rational for the study was to review the literature on the toxicity and corresponding
mechanisms associated with lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) …

Lead toxicity is a major public health issue in developed and developing countries. Both
acute and chronic lead exposure has the potential to cause many deleterious systematic …

Besides being important occupational hazards, lead and cadmium are nowadays metals of
great environmental concern. Both metals, without any physiological functions, can induce …

Detailed studies in the past two decades have shown that redox active metals like iron (Fe),
copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and other metals undergo redox cycling reactions …

Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in
developing countries. Though various occupational and public health measures have been …

Lead, a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: Plumbum,
meaning “the liquid silver”) and has an atomic number 82 in the periodic table. It was the first …

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), which are used as economical electrochemical
substrates, have gone through significant improvements over the past few decades with …

Fluorescent determinations of analytes have proven to be a powerful method due to their
simplicity, low cost, detection limit, rapid photoluminescence response, and applicability to …

Lead is an environmentally persistent toxin that causes neurological, hematological,
gastrointestinal, reproductive, circulatory, and immunological pathologies. The propensity for …

Lead continues to pose a serious threat to the health of many children as well as adults.
Concern about lead exposure as a significant public health problem has increased as …