The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances
synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they …

Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a
significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing …

Although women appear to be more vulnerable to alcohol-induced pathophysiology than
men, the neurobiological basis for sex differences is largely unknown, partially because …

Transient surges of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens are associated with drug seeking.
Using a voltammetric sensor with high temporal and spatial resolution, we demonstrate …

Researchers have recently become aware of the importance of including women in
research, including drug abuse research. With this increased awareness has come an …

Clinical and preclinical research have identified sex differences in substance use and
addiction-related behaviors. Historically, substance use disorders are more prevalent in men …

Rates of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) differ between men and women, and there is also
marked variation between sexes in the effects of acute and chronic alcohol. In parallel to …

Ethanol stimulates the firing activity of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, leading to
enhanced dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system. This effect is thought to …

Background: The extensive use of alcohol during adolescence may be facilitated by an age‐
specific attenuation in sensitivity to adverse effects of ethanol. Adolescent rats are less …

The dopaminergic system originating in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been
extensively studied over the past decades as a critical neural substrate involved in the …