Wound healing is a complex, highly developed chain of events that allows people to interact
with their environment. The skin is a protective organ, and it provides vital functions like …

This article provides an overview of important anatomic and functional anatomy associated
with the parotid gland and facial nerve for the practicing otolaryngologist, head and neck …

Importance Synkinesis is the involuntary movement of 1 area of the face accompanying
volitional movement of another; it is commonly encountered in patients affected by facial …

Background The marginal mandibular branch (Mbr) of the facial nerve is vulnerable to
damage during rhytidoplasty, surgical reduction of the mandibular angle, parotidectomy, and …

The facial nerve is responsible for any facial expression channeling human emotions. Facial
paralysis causes asymmetry, lagophthalmus, oral incontinence, and social limitations. Facial …

Flaccid facial paralysis results in disfiguring facial changes. The treatment of flaccid facial
paralysis is complex and treatment approaches should be determined based on duration …

The zygomaticus major (ZM) is important for the human smile. There are conflicting data
about whether the zygomatic or buccal branches of the facial nerve are responsible for its …

Background Results of a single stage technique combining cross facial nerve graft
(s)(CFNG) with an ipsilateral end to side nerve to masseter transfer (NTM) in incomplete …

Facial nerve iatrogenic injuries are serious and can negatively affect the quality of life of the
patients. Due to the properties of the nerve, the complications are devastating involving the …

Objectives: Delineate the indications for and contraindications to facial nerve repair.
Appraise the techniques available to reinnervate the mimetic muscles after facial nerve …