The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) worldwide has rapidly increased over the
past few decades. Thus, in addition to the classical risk factors for ADs, such as genetic …

For a long time, viruses have been shown to modify the clinical picture of several
autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), systemic lupus erythematosus …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that
causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive …

There is growing recognition that B cell contributions to normal immune responses extend
well beyond their potential to become antibody-producing cells, including roles at the innate …

Helminth parasite infections are associated with a battery of immunomodulatory
mechanisms that affect all facets of the host immune response to ensure their persistence …

Under physiological conditions, the number and function of microglia—the resident
macrophages of the CNS—is tightly controlled by the local microenvironment. In response to …

Epidemiological studies suggest that living close to the natural environment is associated
with long-term health benefits including reduced death rates, reduced cardiovascular …

Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical
regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower …

According to the 'hygiene hypothesis', the decreasing incidence of infections in western
countries and more recently in developing countries is at the origin of the increasing …

Seasonal changes in disease activity have been observed in multiple sclerosis, an
autoimmune disorder that affects the CNS. These epidemiological observations suggest that …