Classical Charged Particle Beam Optics used in the design and operation of all present-day
charged particle beam devices, from low energy electron microscopes to high energy …

Hamilton's optical–mechanical analogy between the trajectory of material particles in
potential fields and the path of light rays in media with continuously variable refractive index …

It is well-known that the Helmholtz equation describing scalar optics has a striking
mathematical similarity with the Klein–Gordon equation of relativistic quantum mechanics …

We explore the ways to linearize the wave equations. Special emphasis is paid to the Klein–
Gordon equation for a spin-0 relativistic particle and the Helmholtz equation governing …

A unified formalism of light beam optics and light polarization is presented. The starting point
of our formalism is an exact eight-dimensional matrix-representation of Maxwell's equations …

The scalar optics is based on a Hamiltonian derived using the Fermat's principle of least
time. The same Hamiltonian can now be derived from the Maxwell equations. The Helmholtz …

The classical treatments have been successful in designing numerous charged-particle
devices. It is natural to develop a quantum prescription, since all systems are fundamentally …

Classical mechanical treatment of charged particle beam optics is so far very satisfactory
from a practical point of view in applications ranging from electron microscopy to accelerator …

A general procedure for construction of the formalism of quantum beam optics for any
particle is reviewed. The quantum formalism of particle beam optics is presented starting ab …

It has been found that quantum corrections can substantially affect the classical results of
tracking for trajectories close to the separatrix. Hence the development of a basic formalism …