Many fishes have independently evolved beach spawning with oviposition at the water's
edge. These include intertidal, subtidal, and estuarine, as well as a few freshwater, species …

Although fishes by nature are aquatic, many species reproduce in such a way that their
embryos are exposed to air either occasionally or constantly during incubation. We examine …

Horseshoe crabs have an explosive breeding system not unlike that of some frogs and
toads. They synchronize nesting to only a few hours each day at the time of the spring new …

Some anamniotic aquatic vertebrates lay eggs in a terrestrial habitat that is hostile to the
survival of hatchings or larvae. These terrestrial eggs are ready and able to hatch at a …

Comparison of sex ratios among families reared at different temperatures during larval
development suggests that environmental sex determination is under the control of major …

A surprisingly large number of fish and amphibian species reproduce terrestrially despite the
absence of the key evolutionary innovation of the amniotic egg. In contrast with shelled eggs …

Over 70 species of intertidal fishes from 12 families breathe air while emerging from water.
Amphibious intertidal fishes generally have no specialized air‐breathing organ but rely on …

Metabolic depression is relatively uncommon among the fishes with the greatest number of
species exhibiting dormancy as embryos. Dormancy in fish embryos is largely associated …

Beach-spawning fishes from exotic locations on most continents of the world provide
spectacular examples of extreme adaptations during the most vulnerable life cycle stages …

Marine fishes that spawn at the water's edge or even out of water provide their eggs with the
advantages of the warmer temperatures and high oxygen availability of the high intertidal …