Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily an autoimmune disorder of unknown origin. This review
focuses iron overload and oxidative stress as surrounding cause that leads to …

J. Neurochem.(2012) 120, 7–25. Abstract Iron, an essential element used for a multitude of
biochemical reactions, abnormally accumulates in the CNS of patients with multiple …

Background: The extracranial venous outflow routes in clinically defined multiple sclerosis
(CDMS) have not previously been investigated. Methods: Sixty-five patients affected by …

Iron stores in the white and deep grey matter in course of multiple sclerosis (MS) have never
been explained and could be related to abnormalities in venous drainage, but this possibility …

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a vascular picture that shows a
strong association with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to investigate the …

A new nosologic vascular pattern that is defined by chronic cerebrospinal venous
insufficiency (CCSVI) has been strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. The picture is …

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a syndrome characterized by
stenosies of the internal jugular and/or azygous veins (IJVs-AZ) with opening of collaterals …

Importance Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
restricted venous outflow from the brain and spinal cord. Whether this condition is …

Aim. The aim of this open-label study was to assess extracra-nial Doppler criteria of chronic
cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods. Seventy patients …

Summary 4D flow MRI is a useful tool for the noninvasive, volumetric and quantitative
hemodynamic assessment of neurovascular disease without the need for gadolinium …