Abstract Purpose of Review Neurodevelopmental disorders disproportionately affect males.
The mechanisms underlying male vulnerability or female protection are not known and …

Social interactions are essential for mammalian life and are regulated by evolutionary
conserved neuronal mechanisms. An individual's internal state, experiences, and the nature …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

In the young of many mammalian species, including humans, a vigorous and highly
rewarding social activity is abundantly expressed, known as social play behaviour. Social …

Encountering another's suffering can elicit both empathic distress and empathic care—the
warm desire to affiliate. It remains unclear whether these two feelings can be accurately and …

The CA2 region of the hippocampus is a somewhat obscure area lacking in an
understanding of its form and function. Until recently, the CA2 has been thought of as merely …

Highlights•AVP regulates social behavior and anxiety in sex-specific ways in juvenile
rats.•OXT induces sex-specific activation of same three brain regions in humans and …

Alterations in glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, are implicated
in several psychiatric diseases. Many of these psychiatric diseases display epidemiological …

The excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance controls the synaptic inputs to prevent the
inappropriate responses of neurons to input strength, and is required to restore the initial …

Maternal systemic inflammation increases risk for neurodevelopmental disorders like autism,
ADHD, and schizophrenia in offspring. Notably, these disorders are male-biased. Studies …