Cortisol, a critical glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a pivotal
role in various physiological processes. Its release is finely orchestrated by the …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and
is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the …

Diagnostic criteria for mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) largely
ignore biological factors in favor of behavioral symptoms. Compounding this paucity of …

Mounting evidence suggests that acute and chronic stress, especially the stress-induced
release of glucocorticoids, induces changes in glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal …

Despite numerous studies on the neurobiology of depression, the etiological and
pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder remain poorly understood. A large number …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Depression is an inflammatory disorder. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)
may play a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation of depression …

Bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are serious and prevalent
psychiatric diseases that share common phenomenological characteristics: symptoms (such …

Exercise is known to have beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and the brain. However,
exercise also activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and increases levels of the …

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and serious
neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity …