Scholarly research has demonstrated rather conclusively that American political elites have
undergone a marked partisan polarization over the past thirty years. There is less …

Affective polarization captures the extent to which citizens feel sympathy towards partisan in-
groups and antagonism towards partisan out-groups. This is comparatively easy to assess in …

Disagreements over whether polarization exists in the mass public have confounded two
separate types of polarization. When social polarization is separated from issue position …

Scholars have reached mixed conclusions about the implications of increased political
polarization for citizen decision-making. In this paper, we argue that citizens respond to …

Although politics at the elite level has been polarized for some time, a scholarly controversy
has raged over whether ordinary Americans are polarized. This book argues that they are …

Partisanship increasingly factors into the behavior of Americans in both political and
nonpolitical situations, yet the bounds of partisan prejudice are largely unknown. In this …

The debate over whether polarization is occurring in the mass public has been limited by a
lack of definition and theory. This article contributes to both, arguing that polarization can be …

Partisan bias and hostility have increased substantially over the last few decades in the
American electorate, and previous work shows that partisan strength and sorting help drive …

Polarisation is often seen as mainly negative for the functioning of democracies, but one of
its saving graces could be that it raises the stakes of politics and encourages participation …

Generations of democratic theorists argue that democratic systems should present citizens
with clear and distinct electoral choices. Responsible party theorists further argued that …