How do we know whether judges of different backgrounds are biased? We review the
substantial political science literature on judicial decision making, paying close attention to …

This Article reports the findings of the largest and most comprehensive study to date of the
role qualified immunity plays in constitutional litigation. Qualified immunity shields …

A nascent but growing research area examines political institutions through the use of field
experiments. I consider why field experimentation has been used infrequently in the study of …

I develop a method to measure the ideology of candidates and contributors using campaign
finance data. Combined with a data set of over 100 million contribution records from state …

I often say that when you can mea sure what you are speaking about, and express it in
numbers, you know some thing about it; but when you cannot mea sure it, when you cannot …

The development and elaboration of the spatial theory of voting has contributed greatly to
the study of legislative decision making and elections. Statistical models that estimate the …

We explore the role of sex in judging by addressing two questions of long‐standing interest
to political scientists: whether and in what ways male and female judges decide cases …

The approach that emerged most clearly from our interviews might be described as
intentional eclecticism. Most of the judges we spoke to are willing to consider many different …

What motivates judges as decision makers? Political scientist Lawrence Baum offers a new
perspective on this crucial question, a perspective based on judges' interest in the approval …

We review the substantial literature on estimating judicial ideology, from the US Supreme
Court to the lowest state court. As a way to showcase the strengths and drawbacks of …