Abstract Purpose of Review Craniofacial disorders are among the most common human
birth defects and present an enormous health care and social burden. The development of …

Abstract Development of the face is regulated by a large number of genes that are
expressed in temporally and spatially specific patterns. While significant progress has been …

The origin of the mammalian middle ear ossicles from mandibular and hyoid pharyngeal
arches remains controversial and discussed. Two adverse theories are proposed. The first …

The Dlx gene family expanded via gene duplication in early vertebrate ancestors. The six
paralogous genes are expressed in several vertebrate tissues, including the jaw-forming …

Developmental defects to the heart and aortic arch arteries are a leading cause of morbidity
and occur in 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) patients. Formation of the aortic arch …

The generation of the face and neck is unique to vertebrate embryonic development, and
requires a complex orchestration of dynamic molecular and tissue interactions. Elucidation …