Life cycle definitions provide the background for conceptualizing meaningful questions to
address the mechanisms that generate different life cycle patterns. This review provides …

The critical oxygen partial pressure (P crit), typically defined as the P O2 below which an
animal's metabolic rate (MR) is unsustainable, is widely interpreted as a measure of hypoxia …

For many animals, color change is a critical adaptive mechanism believed to carry a
substantial energetic cost. Yet, no study to date has directly measured the energy …

To study the effects of ocean warming and acidification on the immune response of
octopuses, 24 Octopus rubescens were collected from Driftwood Park, Washington (48° …

Marine invertebrates living in oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), where low pO 2 and high pCO
2 conditions co-occur, display physiological mechanisms allowing them to deal with these …

Cnidarians face significant threats from ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic
pollutants such as oxybenzone (BP-3). The convergence of threats from multiple stressors is …

Elevated atmospheric CO2 as a result of human activity is dissolving into the world's oceans,
driving a drop in pH, and making them more acidic. Here we present the first data on the …

Increasing ocean temperature and acidity due to anthropogenic climate change poses
threats to marine organisms. Climate change-related research conducted on marine …