Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling
has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone …

OBJECTIVE: Chondrocytes and alteration in chondrocyte differentiation play a central role in
osteoarthritis. Chondrocyte differentiation is amongst others regulated by members of the …

Development of the vertebrate skeleton, a complex biological event that includes diverse
processes such as formation of mesenchymal condensations at the sites of future skeletal …

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway comprises multiple ligands and
receptors that interact promiscuously with one another and typically appear in combinations …

Smad proteins are intracellular molecules that mediate the canonical signaling cascade of
TGFβ superfamily growth factors. The TGFβ superfamily comprises two groups of growth …

Bone development is a tightly regulated process. Several integrated signaling pathways
including HH, PTHrP, WNT, NOTCH, TGF-β, BMP, FGF and the transcription factors SOX9 …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-
βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and …

OBJECTIVE: As adult cartilage has very limited potential to regenerate, cartilage repair is
challenging. Available treatments have several disadvantages, including formation of …

Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5)
are closely related protein family members and regulate early cartilage patterning and …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a growth factor with many faces. In our
osteoarthritis (OA) research we have found that TGFβ can be protective as well as …