In principle, proton therapy offers a substantial clinical advantage over conventional photon
therapy. This is because of the unique depth-dose characteristics of protons, which can be …

The physics of proton therapy has advanced considerably since it was proposed in 1946.
Today analytical equations and numerical simulation methods are available to predict and …

Charged particle therapy has been largely driven and influenced by nuclear physics. The
increase in energy deposition density along the ion path in the body allows reducing the …

Background Geant4 is a Monte Carlo code extensively used in medical physics for a wide
range of applications, such as dosimetry, micro‐and nanodosimetry, imaging, radiation …

In addition to the physical advantages (Bragg peak), the use of charged particles in cancer
therapy can be associated with distinct biological effects compared to X-rays. While heavy …

Purpose: Clinical proton beam therapy has been based on the use of a generic relative
biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.0 or 1.1, since the available evidence has been …

Abstract Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is widely used to express the radiation quality of ion
beams, when characterizing the biological effectiveness. However, averaged LET may be …

Despite years of research, understanding of the space radiation environment and the risk it
poses to long-duration astronauts remains limited. There is a disparity between research …

The goal of this work was to facilitate the clinical use of Monte Carlo proton dose calculation
to support routine treatment planning and delivery. The Monte Carlo code Geant4 was used …

To study the effects of a variable relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in inverse treatment
planning for proton therapy, fast methods for three-dimensional RBE calculations are …