Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures enclosing proteins, lipids,
RNAs, metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines. EVs have emerged as essential …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a leading public health problem
worldwide. The global estimated prevalence of CKD is 13.4%(11.7–15.1%), and patients …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids,
RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is made up of cells and extracellular matrix (non-cellular
component), and cellular components include cancer cells and non-malignant cells such as …

Abstract Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of cancer cells sharing
similar characteristics as normal stem or progenitor cells such as self-renewal ability and …

Earlier research primarily attributed the effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies to
their capacity for local engrafting and differentiating into multiple tissue types. However …

The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapy for liver disease holds
great promise. MSCs can differentiate into hepatocytes, reduce liver inflammation, promote …

Exosomes offer distinct advantages that uniquely position them as highly effective drug
carriers. Comprised of cellular membranes with multiple adhesive proteins on their surface …

Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with the ability to differentiate
into several cell types, thus serving as a cell reservoir for regenerative medicine. Much of the …

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) displays high resistance to conventional
chemotherapy. Considering that microRNA-122 (miR-122) performs an essential function to …