Glucocorticoids (GCs; ie cortisol/corticosterone) are a central component of the stress
response and thus their measurement is frequently used to evaluate the impact of stressful …

Stress responses play a key role in allowing animals to cope with change and challenge in
the face of both environmental certainty and uncertainty. Measurement of glucocorticoid …

Glucocorticoids are popular hormones to measure in both biomedical and ecological studies
of stress. Many assumptions used to interpret glucocorticoid results are derived from …

Conservation physiology proposes that measures of physiological stress (glucocorticoid
levels) can be used to assess the status and future fate of natural populations. Increases in …

Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable
factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological …

Living organisms have regular patterns and routines that involve obtaining food and carrying
out life history stages such as breeding, migrating, molting, and hibernating. The acquisition …

Given the connection between chronic stress and health, there has been a growing
emphasis on identifying chronically stressed wild animals, especially in relation to …

Many aspects of the social environment affect hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis
function and increase circulating glucocorticoid concentrations. In this review, we examine …

Allostasis, the concept of maintaining stability through change, has been proposed as a term
and a model to replace the ambiguous term of stress, the concept of adequately or …

1. Why Do We Measure Stress? 2. Quantifying Stress 3. Specific Measures of Fish Stress
3.1. Cellular and Molecular Indicators 3.2. Primary and Secondary Physiological Indicators …