Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) signalling are interconnected in the
perception and transmission of environmental signals that control plant growth, development …

Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca2+ importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The
Ca2+ decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca2+ signal decoding 417 V …

The non-protein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been proposed to be an
ancient messenger for cellular communication conserved across biological kingdoms. GABA …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in various cellular processes,
leading to plant development and to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Intracellular …

Cell walls are essential for plant growth and development, providing support and protection
from external environments. Callose is a glucan that accumulates in specialized cell wall …

In plants, communication and molecular exchanges between different cells and tissues are
dependent on the apoplastic and symplastic pathways. Symplastic molecular exchanges …

Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and
tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease …

Multicellularity has emerged multiple times in evolution, enabling groups of cells to share a
living space and reducing the burden of solitary tasks. While unicellular organisms exhibit …

Abstract The calcium (Ca+ 2) molecules being an important intracellular messenger are
involved in various signal transduction mechanisms in plants. Many external stimuli such as …

The two main glucan polymers cellulose and callose in plant cell wall are synthesized at the
plasma membrane by cellulose or callose synthase complexes. Cellulose is the prevalent …