Sensory signals are highly structured in both space and time. These structural regularities in
visual information allow expectations to form about future stimulation, thereby facilitating …

Over the past 20 years, neuroimaging has become a predominant technique in systems
neuroscience. One might envisage that over the next 20 years the neuroimaging of …

A new theory is taking hold in neuroscience. It is the theory that the brain is essentially a
hypothesis-testing mechanism, one that attempts to minimise the error of its predictions …

We propose a Survival Optimization System (SOS) to account for the strategies that humans
and other animals use to defend against recurring and novel threats. The SOS attempts to …

The descending projections from motor cortex share many features with top-down or
backward connections in visual cortex; for example, corticospinal projections originate in …

Prior expectations about the visual world facilitate perception by allowing us to quickly
deduce plausible interpretations from noisy and ambiguous data. The neural mechanisms of …

Information that is congruent with existing knowledge (a schema) is usually better
remembered than less congruent information. Only recently, however, has the role of …

Brains, it has recently been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles
of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming …

According to predictive-coding theory, cortical areas continuously generate and update
predictions of sensory inputs at different hierarchical levels and emit prediction errors when …

Bayesian model selection (BMS) is a powerful method for determining the most likely among
a set of competing hypotheses about the mechanisms that generated observed data. BMS …