This survey provides an overview of perceptually motivated techniques for the visualization
of medical image data, including physics‐based lighting techniques as well as illustrative …

Since for most consumers the Virtual Reality (VR) experience exceeds that of desktop
applications, an increasing number of applications is being transferred from desktop to VR …

Depth assessment of 3D vascular models visualized on 2D displays is often difficult,
especially in complex workspace conditions such as in the operating room. To address …

During MRI‐guided interventions, navigation support is often separated from the operating
field on displays, which impedes the interpretation of positions and orientations of …

User interaction has the potential to greatly facilitate the exploration and understanding of
3D medical images for diagnosis and treatment. However, in certain specialized …

Purpose X-ray imaging is widely used for guiding minimally invasive surgeries. Despite
ongoing efforts in particular toward advanced visualization incorporating mixed reality …

Image-guided surgery near anatomical or functional risk structures poses a challenging task
for surgeons. To this end, surgical navigation systems that visualize the spatial relation …

The 2D/3D image fusion involves superimposing vascular models onto X-ray images, but
the lack of depth information in fused images greatly affects the perception of complex …

X-ray is still the essential imaging for many minimally-invasive interventions. Overlaying X-
ray images with an optical view of the surgery scene has been demonstrated to be an …

C-arm X-ray imaging systems are widely applied in surgeries. Overlaying X-ray with optical
images during the surgery has been shown to be an efficient approach. Moreover …