The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) can either stimulate or inhibit programmed cell
death (apoptosis). Here, we review examples of cell types that show pro‐apoptotic or anti …

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are widely expressed in the central and peripheral
nervous system and are crucial mediators of neuronal excitability. Importantly, these …

Ion channels allow the flux of specific ions across biological membranes, thereby
determining ion homeostasis within the cells. Voltage-gated potassium-selective ion …

Curcumin is a molecule found in turmeric root that has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and
anti-tumor properties and has been widely used as both an herbal drug and a food additive …

Propofol is a short-acting intra-venous anaesthetic agent and widely used not only in
operating rooms but also in the intensive care unit (ICU). Apart from its multiple anaesthetic …

Apoptosis, known as programmed cell death, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of
neurological diseases. Most of these diseases can be obviously alleviated by means of …

Although the modulation of Ca2+ channel activity by extremely low-frequency
electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) has been studied previously, few reports have addressed …

Recent studies suggest that Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays an important role in
regulating glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. However, its effects and mechanisms of …

The failure of regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) remains an enormous
scientific and clinical challenge. After injury or in degenerative diseases, neurons in the …

Microglial cells are critical components of the injurious cascade in a large number of
neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which …