Prenatal and early postnatal life represent key periods of immune system development. In
addition to genetics and host biology, environment has a large and irreversible role in the …

The microbiota plays an essential role in the education, development, and function of the
immune system, both locally and systemically. Emerging experimental and epidemiological …

Antibiotics in childhood have been linked with diseases including asthma, juvenile arthritis,
type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease and mental illness. The underlying mechanisms are …

Early life gut microbiota have been increasingly recognized as major contributors to short
and/or long-term human health and diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that …

Asthma is the most common noncommunicable disease in children, and among the most
common in adults. The great majority of people with asthma live in low and middle income …

The human microbiome is overly exposed to antibiotics, due, not only to their medical use,
but also to their utilization in farm animals and crops. Microbiome composition can be rapidly …

Early-life antibiotic use is associated with increased risk for metabolic and immunological
diseases, and mouse studies indicate a causal role of the disrupted microbiome. However …

Background Childhood asthma incidence is decreasing in some parts of Europe and North
America. Antibiotic use in infancy has been associated with increased asthma risk. In the …

Background Antibiotics are amongst the most commonly used drugs in children. In addition
to inducing antibiotic resistance, antibiotic exposure has been associated with adverse long …

Compared to bacteria, the role of fungi within the intestinal microbiota is poorly understood.
In this study we investigated whether the presence of a" healthy" fungal community in the gut …