Despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-related
pulmonary disease continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality for people living …

Human host and pathogen interaction is dynamic in nature and often modulated by co-
pathogens with a functional role in delineating the physiological outcome of infection. Co …

Globally, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV infection at the end of 2015. The
most frequent infection co-occurring with HIV-1 is Mycobacterium tuberculosis—374,000 …

Antiretroviral therapy (ART), while essential in combatting tuberculosis (TB) and HIV
coinfection, is often complicated by the TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory …

With an increasing human population, medical research is pushed to progress into an era of
precision therapy. Humanized mice are at the very heart of this new forefront where it is …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death globally among infectious diseases that
has killed more numbers of people than any other infectious diseases. Animal models have …

Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating disease to mankind that has killed more people than any
other infectious disease. Despite many efforts and successes from the scientific and health …

An estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
with the majority being vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Severe acute respiratory …

Abstract Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been in use for nearly 100 years and is the
only licensed TB vaccine. While BCG provides protection against disseminated TB in infants …

HIV co-infection is the most critical risk factor for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB)
infection (LTBI). While CD4+ T cell depletion has been considered the major cause of HIV …