One fundamental question concerning brain reward mechanisms is to determine how
reward-related activity is influenced by the nature of rewards. Here, we review the …

To better understand the reward circuitry in human brain, we conducted activation likelihood
estimation (ALE) and parametric voxel-based meta-analyses (PVM) on 142 neuroimaging …

To behave adaptively, we must learn from the consequences of our actions. Studies using
event-related potentials (ERPs) have been informative with respect to the question of how …

Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses were used to examine the neural
correlates of prediction error in reinforcement learning. The findings are interpreted in the …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research suggests that the ventral striatum
(VS)/nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and broader mesocorticolimbic …

Quality of mothering relies on the integrity of multiple physiological and behavioral systems
and on two maternal factors, one proximal and one distal, that have a great impact on how a …

Reward maximization is a core motivation of every organism. In humans, several brain
regions have been implicated in the representation of reward magnitude. Still, it is unclear …

It has been shown that in certain situations losses exert a stronger effect on behavior than
respective gains, and this has been commonly explained by the argument that losses are …

A host of learning, memory, and decision-making processes form the individual's response
to threat and may be disrupted in anxiety and post-trauma psychopathology. Here we review …

Learning occurs when an outcome differs from expectations, generating a reward prediction
error signal (RPE). The RPE signal has been hypothesized to simultaneously embody the …