The R package gdistance provides classes and functions to calculate various distance
measures and routes in heterogeneous geographic spaces represented as grids. Least-cost …

Regular grids or lattices are frequently used to study ecosystems, for observations,
experiments and simulations. The regular rectangular or square grid is used more often than …

One of the goals of the scientific community is to equip the discipline of spatial planning with
efficient tools to handle huge amounts of data. In this sense, unsupervised machine learning …

Systematic conservation planning is a widely used approach for designing protected area
systems and ecological networks. This generally involves dividing the planning region into a …

In all models, but especially in those used to predict uncertain processes (eg, climate
change and nonnative species establishment), it is important to identify and remove any …

Point sets in 2D with multiple classes are a common type of data. A canonical visualization
design for them are scatterplots, which do not scale to large collections of points. For these …

Shadow competition is the interception of moving prey by a predator closer to its arrival
source, preventing its availability to predators downstream. Shadow competition is likely …

Topology affects outcomes of processes in planar networks. Hexagon tessellations have
different performance than, and are often superior to, square tessellations in applications …

Lacunarity results can be skewed by edge effects and this may have negative implications
for research projects in ecological pattern analysis and modeling. The problem occurs …

Cellular automata (CAs) are commonly used to simulate spatial processes in ecology.
Although appropriate for modelling events that occur at discrete time points, they are also …