This paper reviews measurement techniques and corresponding devices used to determine
the physical properties of the seasonal snowpack from distances close to the ground …

Manual snow measurements are becoming increasingly expensive and climate‐change‐
imposed snow alterations are affecting run‐off and frost patterns; snow observations are …

The seasonal snow cover is spatially variable. Spatial variability of layer properties is due to
various external and internal process drivers interacting with terrain and ground cover …

Density is a fundamental property of porous media such as snow. A wide range of snow
properties and physical processes are linked to density, but few studies have addressed the …

GPR and reflection seismics share common physical and methodological bases but are
sensitive to different subsurface physical properties. The peculiarities of the electromagnetic …

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars have been used by snow scientists
for the past 30 years. This radar technology provides a promising alternative to point …

Monitoring the snow water equivalent (SWE) is critical to effective management of water
resources in many parts of the world that depend on the mountain snowpack for water …

An investigation was made to estimate the variance, measurement errors and sampling error
in currently accepted practices for manual snow density measurement carried out as part of …

Snow stratigraphy and water percolation are key contributing factors to avalanche formation.
So far, only destructive methods can provide this kind of information. Radar technology …

The physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of snow, ice, and permafrost are
responsible for the response of these cryospheric materials to external stressors. An …