Abstract Surface Solar Irradiance (SSI) is a key parameter dictating surface-atmosphere
interactions, driving radiative, hydrological, and land surface processes, and can thus …

A major accomplishment of the recently completed Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere
(TOGA) Program was the development of an ocean observing system to support seasonal …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

An update is provided on the Earth's global annual mean energy budget in the light of new
observations and analyses. In 1997, Kiehl and Trenberth provided a review of past …

The purpose of this paper is to put forward a new estimate, in the context of previous
assessments, of the annual global mean energy budget. A description is provided of the …

This review discusses the land‐surface‐atmosphere interaction using observations from two
North American field experiments (First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology …

The Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) of water warmer than 28.5° C extends from
the eastern North Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and at its peak, overlaps …

We present an analysis of surface fluxes and cloud forcing from data obtained during the
Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment, conducted in the Beaufort …

The role of clouds in modifying the earth's radiation balance is well recognized as a key
uncertainty in predicting any potential future climate change. This statement is true whether …

The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is part of NASA's Earth
Observing System (EOS), CERES objectives include the following.(1) For climate change …