Programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligands constitute an inhibitory pathway to
mediate the mechanism of immune tolerance and provide immune homeostasis …

The recent incorporation of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 (programmed
cell death receptor 1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4) pathways into the …

Helminth-modulated macrophages contribute to attenuating inflammation in inflammatory
bowel diseases. The programmed death 1 (PD-1) plays an important role in macrophage …

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that primarily
affects the axial skeleton, especially the sacroiliac joints and spine. This results in chronic …

Periodontitis is a disease caused by infection and immunological imbalance, which often
leads to the destruction of periodontal tissue. Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its …

Immune checkpoint receptors are key players in regulating the immune response. They are
responsible for both generating an immune response sufficient to kill invading pathogens …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease involving multiple
organs. It is often called “immortal cancer” due to the difficulties in disease treatment. As the …

The emergence of anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4), anti–programmed
cell death 1 ligand (anti–PD-1), and anti–PD-L1 antibodies as immune checkpoint inhibitors …

Human leukocyte antigen genes have been shown to have the strongest association with
autoimmune disease (AD). However, non-HLA genes would be risk factors of AD. Many …

Abstract Background Accurate Sezary cell detection in peripheral blood of mycosis
fungoides/Sezary syndrome (MF/SS) patients by flow cytometry can be difficult due to …