Cytokines are involved in intestinal homeostasis and pathological processes associated
with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The biological effects of cytokines, including several …

Cigarette smoke is a representative source of toxic chemical exposures to humans, and the
adverse consequences of cigarette smoking are mediated by its effect on both neuronal and …

The gastrointestinal tract is a site of high immune challenge, as it must maintain a delicate
balance between tolerating luminal contents and generating an immune response toward …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)
are chronic inflammatory diseases of mucosal tissues that affect the respiratory and …

The epithelial tight junction determines the paracellular water and ion movement in the
intestine and also prevents uptake of larger molecules, including antigens, in an …

Infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is a key
characteristic of chronic intestinal inflammation. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T-cell frequencies …

Cytokines are indispensable signals of the mucosa-associated immune system for
maintaining normal gut homeostasis. An imbalance of their profile in favour of inflammation …

Intestines are organs that not only digest food and absorb nutrients, but also provide a
defense barrier against pathogens and noxious agents ingested. Tight junctions (TJs) are …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)
have shown repairing effects in tissue damage. However, their efficacy and mechanism in …

Cell death mechanisms have been associated with the development of inflammatory bowel
diseases in humans and mice. Recent studies suggested that a complex crosstalk between …