Spintronics is one of the emerging fields for the next-generation nanoelectronic devices to
reduce their power consumption and to increase their memory and processing capabilities …

Spintronic devices use spin instead of charge to process information and are widely
considered as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices. In past decades …

The magnetization of a magnetic material can be reversed by using electric currents that
transport spin angular momentum. In the reciprocal process a changing magnetization …

Spintronics is one of the emerging research fields in nanotechnology and has been growing
very rapidly. Studies of spintronics were started after the discovery of giant …

The synapse is a crucial element in biological neural networks, but a simple electronic
equivalent has been absent. This complicates the development of hardware that imitates …

In this paper, a review of the developments in MRAM technology over the past 20 years is
presented. The various MRAM generations are described with a particular focus on spin …

This tutorial article introduces the physics of spin transfer torques in magnetic devices. Our
intention is that it be accessible to beginning graduate students. We provide an elementary …

Electrons have a charge and a spin, but until recently, charges and spins have been
considered separately. In conventional electronics, the charges are manipulated by electric …

Racetrack memory (RTM) is a novel spintronic memory-storage technology that has the
potential to overcome fundamental constraints of existing memory and storage devices. It is …

Nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions play a pivotal role in magnetoresistive random access
memories. Successful implementation depends on a simultaneous achievement of low …