The ventral striatum is a collection of brain structures, including the nucleus accumbens,
ventral pallidum and the olfactory tubercle (OT). While much attention has been devoted to …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of
dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rare genetic …

Purpose: Exposure to high-intensity or outdoor lighting has been shown to decrease the
severity of myopia in both human epidemiological studies and animal models. Currently, it is …

Dopamine regulates reward, cognition, and locomotor functions. By mediating rapid
reuptake of extracellular dopamine, the dopamine transporter is critical for spatiotemporal …

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic
cause of Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated whether the G2019S LRRK2 mutation …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder,
characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons (mDA) in the midbrain. The underlying …

In Parkinson's disease, dopamine‐containing nigrostriatal neurons undergo profound
degeneration. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine …

Inflammation arising from central and/or peripheral sources contributes to the pathogenesis
of multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Emerging data …

A subset of adult ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons expresses vesicular
glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2) and releases glutamate as a second neurotransmitter in …

Background The main clinical symptoms characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) are
bradykinesia, tremor, and other motor deficits. However, non-motor symptoms, such as …