Safety learning generates associative links between neutral stimuli and the absence of
threat, promoting the inhibition of fear and security-seeking behaviors. Precisely how safety …

Recent success in training artificial agents and robots derives from a combination of direct
learning of behavioural policies and indirect learning through value functions,–. Policy …

Reconsolidation of drug memories is the process of restoring unstable memories after
unconditioned (UCS; eg, drugs) or conditioned stimulus (CS; eg, drug-paired contexts), and …

Learning associations between cues and rewards require the mesolimbic dopamine system.
The dopamine response to cues signals differences in reward value in well trained animals …

Sign-tracking (ST) rats show enhanced cue sensitivity before drug experience that predicts
greater discrete cue-induced drug seeking compared with goal-tracking or intermediate rats …

Decision-making systems allow artificial agents to adapt their behaviours, depending on the
information they perceive from the environment and internal processes. Human beings …

While studies have indicated an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and
neuroimaging measures, weaker SES effects are shown for Blacks than Whites. This is, in …

Rationale Learning the association between rewards and predictive cues is critical for
appetitive behavioral responding. The mesolimbic dopamine system is thought to play an …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its population of GABAergic medium spiny neurons
(MSNs) converge inputs from cortical and subcortical structures to modulate behavioral …

Merridee J. Lefner, Mariana I. Dejeux, and Matthew J. Wanat Page 91 77 CHAPTER II: SEX
DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIORAL RESPONDING AND DOPAMINE RELEASE DURING EARLY …