Expansion of extracellular fluid volume is central to the pathophysiology of heart failure.
Increased extracellular fluid leads to elevated intracardiac filling pressures, resulting in a …

An absolute, supraphysiologic elevation in GFR is observed early in the natural history in
10%–67% and 6%–73% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Moreover …

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) occurs in up to 30% of patients who receive
iodinated contrast media and is generally considered to be the third most common cause of …

Diuretic resistance implies a failure to increase fluid and sodium (Na+) output sufficiently to
relieve volume overload, edema, or congestion, despite escalating doses of a loop diuretic …

Diuretics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs and, although effective, they are
often used to treat patients at substantial risk for complications, making it especially …

Abstract The Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) drives salt reabsorption in the kidney and plays a
decisive role in balancing electrolytes and blood pressure. Thiazide and thiazide-like …

Background Comprehensive uptitration of neurohormonal blockade targets fundamental
mechanisms underlying development of congestion and may be an additional approach for …

Despite improvements in hypertension awareness and treatment, 30%–60% of hypertensive
patients do not achieve BP targets and subsequently remain at risk for target organ damage …

Background: In 2004, the term acute kidney injury (AKI) was introduced with the intention of
broadening our understanding of rapid declines in renal function and to replace the …

Loop diuretics are commonly used diuretics in the treatment of fluid retention but induce
hypovolemia-related renal dysfunction. Na+-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors …