All cells continually survey their environment and make decisions based on cues
encountered. This requires specific receptors that detect such cues, then transduce signals …

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a lipid second messenger that is generated in response to
extracellular stimuli and channels intracellular signals that affect mammalian cell …

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mediates B cell signaling and is also present in innate
immune cells but not T cells. BTK propagates B cell receptor (BCR) responses to antigen …

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is encoded by the gene that when mutated causes the primary
immunodeficiency disease X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in humans and X‐linked …

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signaling molecule first identified as the
molecule affected in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) patients, who almost completely …

The strength of peptide: MHC interactions with the T cell receptor (TCR) is correlated with
the time to first cell division, the relative scale of the effector cell response, and the graded …

Autoantibody production and immune complex deposition within the kidney promote renal
disease in patients with lupus nephritis. Thus, therapeutics that inhibit these pathways may …

Loss of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) function results in mouse Xid disease characterized by
a reduction in mature B cells and impaired humoral immune responses. These defects have …

CD40 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmunity. B cell
CD40 directly activates cells, which can result in autoantibody production. T cells can also …

Stem cell factor (SCF) acts in synergy with antigen to enhance the calcium signal,
degranulation, activation of transcription factors, and cytokine production in human mast …