As early as the 19th century, OIH was observed in patients receiving morphine for pain. It
was recognized that a potent analgesic such as morphine could actually result in an …

Emotions are “feeling” states and classic physiological emotive responses that are
interpreted based on the history of the organism and the context. Motivation is a persistent …

Homeostasis, the dominant explanatory framework for physiological regulation, has
undergone significant revision in recent years, with contemporary models differing …

Vastly stimulated by the discovery of opioid receptors in the early 1970s, preclinical and
clinical research was directed at the study of stereoselective neuronal actions of opioids …

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is most broadly defined as a state of nociceptive
sensitization caused by exposure to opioids. The state is characterized by a paradoxical …

Peroxynitrite (PN; ONOO−) and its reactive oxygen precursor superoxide (SO; O2•−) are
critically important in the development of pain of several etiologies including pain associated …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Management of chronic pain, such as nerve-injury-induced neuropathic pain associated
with diabetic neuropathy, viral infection, and cancer, is a real clinical challenge. Major …

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and pain interact on many levels of the neuraxis. In
healthy subjects, activation of the SNS in the brain usually suppresses pain mainly by …

Objectives. Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects such as nausea and vomiting are common
following opioid analgesia and represent a significant cause of patient discomfort and …