Interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) products take on a number of diverse roles. Collectively,
they are highly effective at resisting and controlling pathogens. In this review, we begin by …

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses,
human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Here, we describe the …

Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host–pathogen interactions and
their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only …

Mammalian genes and genomes have been shaped by ancient and ongoing challenges
from viruses. These genetic imprints can be identified via evolutionary analyses to reveal …

RNA virus infection is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I–like receptors
(RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) in the cytoplasm …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

To replicate in their hosts, viruses have to navigate the complexities of the mammalian cell,
co-opting mechanisms of cellular physiology while defeating restriction factors that are …

The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to …

Tetherin is an interferon-induced protein whose expression blocks the release of HIV-1 and
other enveloped viral particles. The underlying mechanism by which tetherin functions and …

Cellular proteins called" restriction factors" can serve as powerful blockades to HIV
replication, but the virus possesses elaborate strategies to circumvent these barriers. First …