Flapping flight places strenuous requirements on the physiological performance of an
animal. Bird flight muscles, particularly at smaller body sizes, generally contract at high …

This study focuses on the flapping mechanisms found in recently developed biometric
flapping-wing air vehicles (FWAVs). FWAVs mimic the flight characteristics of flying animals …

Despite profound musculoskeletal differences, hummingbirds (Trochilidae) are widely
thought to employ aerodynamic mechanisms similar to those used by insects. The kinematic …

Flight speed is expected to increase with mass and wing loading among flying animals and
aircraft for fundamental aerodynamic reasons. Assuming geometrical and dynamical …

Hummingbirds are specialized for hovering flight, and substantial research has explored this
behavior. Forward flight is also important to hummingbirds, but the manner in which they …

Bird flight is a remarkable adaptation that has allowed the approximately 10 000 extant
species to colonize all terrestrial habitats on earth including high elevations, polar regions …

Experimental measurements and analysis of the flight of bats are presented, including
kinematic analysis of high-speed stereo videography of straight and turning flight, and …

Flight in dense environments, such as forests and cities requires drones to perform sharp
turns. Although fixed-wing drones are aerodynamically and energetically more efficient than …

Takeoff and landing are critical phases in a flight. To better understand the functional
importance of the kinematic adjustments birds use to execute these flight modes, we studied …

Vertebrate brains are organized in modules which process information from sensory inputs
selectively. Therefore they are probably under different evolutionary pressures. We …