Current mitigation efforts and existing future commitments are inadequate to accomplish the
Paris Agreement temperature goals. In light of this, research and debate are intensifying on …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …

Greenhouse gas emissions urgently need to be reduced. Even with a step up in mitigation,
the goal of limiting global temperature rise to well below 2° C remains challenging …

Solar geoengineering (SG) has the potential to restore average surface temperatures by
increasing planetary albedo,,–, but this could reduce precipitation,–. Thus, although SG …

Solar geoengineering refers to deliberately reducing net radiative forcing by reflecting some
sunlight back to space, in order to reduce anthropogenic climate changes; a possible such …

The risks of global warming are pressing and potentially vast. The difficulty of doing without
fossil fuels is daunting, possibly even insurmountable. So there is an urgent need to rethink …

By injecting different amounts of SO2 at multiple different latitudes, the spatial pattern of
aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be partially controlled. This leads to the ability to influence …

We present a suite of new climate model experiment designs for the Geoengineering Model
Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). This set of experiments, named GeoMIP6 (to be …

We describe the historical evolution of the conceptualization, formulation, quantification,
application, and utilization of “radiative forcing”(RF) of Earth's climate. Basic theories of …