Today, bio-medical efforts are entering the subcellular level, which is witnessed with the fast-
developing fields of nanomedicine, nanodiagnostics and nanotherapy in conjunction with …

The blood brain barrier (BBB) presents a formidable challenge to the delivery of drugs into
the brain. Several strategies aim to overcome this obstacle and promote efficient and …

Highlights•Nanobodies (Nbs) are camelid-derived single-domain antibodies.•Nbs have
powerful binding and inhibitory capacity with great therapeutic potential.•Nbs are used in …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the biggest human health threats due to increases in
aging of the global population. Unfortunately, drugs for treating AD have been largely …

Abstract As of May 1, 2017, 74 antibody-based molecules have been approved by a
regulatory authority in a major market. Additionally, there are 70 and 575 antibody-based …

The blockade of immune checkpoints (ICPs), such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated
protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), has propelled …

Over the last three decades, monoclonal antibodies have made a dramatic transformation
from scientific tools to powerful human therapeutics. At present, approximately 30 …

Biologics are an emerging class of medicines with substantial promise to treat neurological
disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. However, the blood …

The blood–brain barrier is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of
molecules between the blood circulation and the brain parenchyma. Proteins and peptides …

Tremendous effort has been expended over the past two and a half decades to understand
many aspects of camelid heavy chain antibodies, from their biology, evolution, and …